Access to HIV/STI testing among male and female Venezuelan migrants in Peru: evidence from a nationwide survey.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major global public health issues. Migrants represent a vulnerable group that faces multiple barriers to access to healthcare services, including HIV/STI testing. This study aimed to assess the factors associated with access to HIV/STI testing in male and female Venezuelan migrants in Peru. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving secondary data analysis of the 2022 Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru Survey. The study was conducted in the eight most populated cities inhabited by Venezuelan migrants and refugees. For each city, the sampling design was probabilistic, stratified, and independent. The outcome variable was whether participants had access to HIV or other STI testing during their stay in Peru. Statistical analysis was stratified by sex owing to potential effect modification. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated using generalized linear models Poisson family with log link function. Confidence intervals were calculated to 95%. RESULTS: A total of 3,723 male and 3,984 female migrants were included. Access to HIV/STI testing among male and female migrants was 19.85% and 25.16%, respectively. Among male migrants, being LGBTI, health insured, and married or cohabiting were associated with increased access to HIV/STI testing. Among females, those aged 18-44 years, those who were married or cohabiting and were health insured, and those residing for more than 1 year in Peru were significantly more likely to have access to HIV/STI testing. Moreover, physical/mental disability and unemployed status were associated with a lower probability of HIV/STI testing in females. CONCLUSIONS: Only two in ten Venezuelan migrants and refugees in Peru were screened for HIV/STI, with fewer males than females. Sex-specific sociodemographic, health-related, and migration-related variables were independently associated with access to HIV/STI testing.

Socio-demographic, migratory and health-related determinants of food insecurity among Venezuelan migrants in Peru.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the factors associated with food insecurity (FI) among Venezuelan migrants residing in Peru. Secondarily, to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). DESIGN: A cross-sectional study based on secondary data analysis of the 2022 Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru Survey (ENPOVE-2022, from the Spanish acronym) was conducted. FI was measured with the FIES, whose properties were tested using the Rasch model. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to estimate relative prevalence ratios with their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals. SETTING: This survey was conducted in February and March 2022 in the eight cities most populated by Venezuelan migrants and refugees in Peru. PARTICIPANTS: Venezuelan migrants and refugees over the age of 18 years living in Peru. RESULTS: A total of 7727 participants were included. Rasch reliability was adequate (0·73). The prevalence of mild, moderate and severe FI was 36·71 %, 31·14 % and 10·48 %, respectively. Being aged 25-34 and 35-44 years, unemployed, uninsured, having no formal education or secondary, illegal status, living in a dwelling with 2-4 and more than 4 people, presenting one or more than one chronic disease, residing in Peru for 0-6 months and perceived discrimination were associated with a higher probability of moderate FI. Furthermore, having secondary education, being unemployed, uninsured, never married, illegal, residing in Tumbes, presenting one or more than one chronic disease and perceived discrimination were significantly associated with severe FI. CONCLUSION: Four out of ten Venezuelan migrants residing in Peru presented moderate to severe FI. The FIES showed adequate psychometric properties. Differences in the socio-demographic, health and migratory factors associated with FI levels were found. Inter-sectoral and multi-sectoral interventions are needed and should be focused on addressing the determinants of FI.

Spatial and socioeconomic inequalities in the access to safe drinking water in Peruvian households.

Access to safe drinking water has increased in Peru over the last decades, from 47% (2008) to 52% (2018). Nevertheless, such access would differ according to socioeconomic and regional factors. Thus, this study aimed to assess the socioeconomic inequality in the access to safe drinking water and identify its spatial distribution. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on the secondary data analysis of the 2021 Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey. Access to safe drinking water was a dummy variable categorised as safe if the residual chlorine concentration was ≥0.5 mg/L. Nationwide, 29.22% of households had access to safe drinking water. A pro-rich inequality in access to safe drinking water was observed. The spatial distribution was clustered. Significant hotspots were found in the south and centre of the country; however, cold spots were found in most areas. SaTScan analysis identified 32 and 63 significant clusters at high and low risks of having access to safe drinking water, respectively. In conclusion, approximately one out of four Peruvian households has access to safe drinking water, which was mostly concentrated among the wealthier households. Intra- and interdepartmental inequalities in access to safe drinking water were found, with several high-risk clusters.

Inequalities in anemia among Peruvian children aged 6-59 months: A decomposition analysis.

Objective: To quantify the inequalities of anemia in Peruvian children aged 6-59 months and uncover its contributing factors. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study based on the secondary data analysis of the 2021 Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Our sample included Peruvian children aged 6-59 months with complete data for the variables of interest. Anemia was defined as having a hemoglobin level of less than 11 g/dL, adjusted by altitude. Erreygers Concentration Index (ECI) and concentration curves were computed to estimate the socio-economic inequality in anemia among Peruvian children. Moreover, ECI was decomposed to figure out the contributing factors to the inequality of anemia and the residual variation. Results: Nationwide, the prevalence of anemia in Peruvian children was 29.47%. We found a pro-poor inequality regarding anemia at the national level (ECI = -0.1848). The determinants included in the model explained 81.85% of the overall socio-economic inequality in anemia. The largest contribution to inequality was from household- and community-related factors. Having a higher mother's education level (26.26%) and being from the highlands (24.91%) were the major significant contributors to the overall health inequality. Conclusion: Almost one-third of Peruvian children have anemia. A pro-poor inequality of anemia in Peruvian children was found. Public policies ought to address the major contributing factors of anemia inequality.

Evaluación de las características nutricionales de alimentos y bebidas procesados publicitados en medios televisivos de Perú, 2021

El objetivo fue describir las características y el perfil nutricional de los alimentos y bebidas procesados publicitados durante el horario de protección al menor (6 am a 10 pm, según la regulación peruana) los dos canales de mayor audiencia de la televisión peruana. En este estudio transversal se grabaron 448 horas de contenido televisivo de 14 días aleatorios de 6:00 am a 10:00 pm, entre enero y febrero del 2021, donde se identificaron 2061 anuncios de alimentos y bebidas procesados. Entre 2:00 pm y 6:00 pm (33,9%) hubo mayor publicidad de alimentos. Las categorías más publicitadas fueron bebidas (41,7%) y confitería (17,8%). El 46,9% de alimentos superó al menos uno de los parámetros técnicos (azúcar total, grasas saturadas o sodio) de la primera etapa de la ley peruana y el 88,4% lo haría en la segunda etapa. La mayoría de alimentos y bebidas publicitados fueron procesados y superaban los parámetros de nutrientes críticos.

The objective was to describe the characteristics and nutritional profile of processed foods and beverages advertised during child protection hours (6 am to 10 pm, according to Peruvian regulations) on the two channels with the largest audience on Peruvian television. In this cross-sectional study, 448 hours of television content on 14 random days from 6:00 am to 10:00 pm between January and February 2021 were recorded and 2061 advertisements for processed foods and beverages were identified. The time frame with the most publicity for these foods was between 2:00 pm. and 6:00 pm. (33,9%). The most advertised categories were beverages (41,7%) and confectionery (17,8%). 46,9% of foods exceeded at least one of the technical parameters evaluated in the first stage of the Peruvian law (total sugar, saturated fat, or sodium) and 88,4% would do so in the second stage. The majority of advertised foods and beverages were processed, and most of these exceed critical nutrient parameters.

Rural and urban disparities in anemia among Peruvian children aged 6-59 months: a multivariate decomposition and spatial analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Anemia is a global public health issue that affects mainly children aged less than 5 years. In Peru, despite the reduction in the prevalence of anemia between 2010 and 2018, anemia remains a major concern, especially in high-risk zones such as rural areas. Several sociodemographic factors have been associated with anemia in children; however, components contributing to the urban-rural gap have not been previously assessed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the determinants of the difference in anemia prevalence between urban and rural areas, and its spatial distribution in Peruvian children aged 6-59 months. METHODS: A secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2019 Peruvian Demographic Health Survey. The study population included 18 846 children aged 6-59 months. A multivariate decomposition analysis for non-linear response model was performed to identify the factors contributing to the gap in the prevalence of anemia across urban and rural areas. Global Moran´s I autocorrelation, Ordinary Kriging interpolation and Bernoulli-based purely spatial scan statistics were employed to assess the spatial pattern of anemia. RESULTS: Nationwide, the prevalence of anemia in Peru was 29.47% (95%CI 28.63-30.33). In rural areas, it was 38.25%, and in urban areas 26.39%. The decomposition analysis revealed that 88.61% of the difference in the prevalence of anemia between urban and rural areas was attributed to the difference in the respondents' characteristics. Wealth index, mother´s education, mother´s employment status, number of living children and mother´s age were key determinants contributing to the rural-urban gap. Spatial heterogeneity of anemia prevalence in childhood was observed at both inter- and intradepartmental level. The SaTScan spatial analysis identified six significant cluster areas with high prevalence of anemia in childhood. CONCLUSION: A considerable gap of anemia prevalence between urban and rural areas was found. Targeted interventions are necessary to reduce geographic disparities.

Factores sociodemográficos y nutricionales asociados a anemia en niños de 1 a 5 años en Perú

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los factores sociodemográficos y nutricionales asociados a la anemia en niños de 1 a 5 años de Perú según la Encuesta Nacional Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (DHS, por sus siglas en inglés Demographic and Health Survey). Metodología: Para determinar los posibles factores sociodemográficos y nutricionales asociados a la anemia, se hizo un subanálisis de la DHS 2017, tomando en cuenta un intervalo de confianza del 95% y considerando los parámetros de complejidad de la encuesta. Se describieron las frecuencias relativas en el análisis univariado. Para el análisis bivariado se empleó el test de chi cuadrado para las variables categóricas y t-Student para las variables continuas. Para el modelo de regresión múltiple, se realizó una regresión de Poisson cruda y ajustada con el método de selección de variables tipo backward. Principales resultados: La prevalencia de anemia fue de 38.5%. Los factores independientemente asociados fueron quintil de riqueza bajo (RP(a): 1,23; IC95%: 1,0-1,4), ningún grado de instrucción o grado de instrucción primaria de la madre (RP(a): 1,25; IC95%: 1,0-1,5), edad de la madre menor de 19 años (RP(a): 1,34; IC95%: 1,1-1,7), lugar del parto no institucionalizado (RP(a): 1,24; IC95%: 1,1-1,5), no consumo de antiparasitarios (RP(a): 1,13; IC95%:1,0-1,3) y altitud mayor o igual a 4000 msnm (RP(a): 1,45; IC95%: 1,2-1,8). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de anemia en niños de 1 a 5 años en el 2017 fue moderada. Existen factores sociodemográficos y nutricionales asociados a dicha condición.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Determine the sociodemographic and nutritional factors associated with anemia in children aged 1 to 5 years in Peru according to the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Methods: To determine the possible sociodemographic and nutritional factors associated with anemia, a sub-analysis of the DHS 2017 was carried out, taking into account a 95% confidence interval and considering the complexity of survey parameters. Relative frequencies were described in univariate analysis. For bivariate analysis, the chi-square test was used for categorical variables and Student t-test for continuous variables. For the multivariable analysis, a crude and an adjusted Poisson regression was done with backward method for variable selection. Main results: Independently associated factors were low wealth (aPR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.0-1.4), no degree or primary education level of the mother (aPR: 1.25; 95%CI: 1.0-1.5), mother's age under 19 years (aPR: 1.34; 95%CI: 1.1-1.7), not delivering in a health facility (aPR: 1.24; 95%CI: 1.1-1.5), no consumption of antiparasitic drugs (aPR: 1.13; 95%CI: 1.0-1.3) and living at greater than or equal to 4000 meters above sea level (aPR: 1.45; 95%CI: 1.2-1.8). Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia in children aged 1 to 5 years in 2017 was moderate. There are sociodemographic and nutritional factors associated with this condition.

Estado nutricional del paciente preoperatorio con neoplasia de colon y recto hospitalizado en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) 2011 / Preoperative nutritional status of patients with colorectal neoplasia hospitalized at the Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) 2011

Objetivo: Analizar el estado nutricional del paciente preoperatorio con neoplasia de colon y recto hospitalizado en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) 2011. Material y método: Estudio de tipo descriptivo, transversal de noviembre del 2011 a marzo del 2012 basado en la evaluación nutricional de todos los pacientes mayores de 30 años con neoplasia de colon y/o recto programados para intervención quirúrgica en el Servicio de Cirugía de Colon y Recto 3AûI del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM). Se incluyeron 36 pacientes, 23 mujeres y 13 hombres de edades comprendidas entre los 38 y los 89 años. Resultados: La distribución por diagnósticos fue la siguiente: neoplasia de colon 19 pacientes, neoplasia de recto 17. El 67% había perdido más de un 5% de su peso habitual en los tres meses previos. Se registro un IMC de delgadez en el 31% de los casos. Las cifras de hemoglobina eran inferiores a 11.9 mg/dL (mujeres) y 12.9 mg/dL (hombres) en un 64% de los casos. El recuento total de linfocitos en el 67% de los casos fue menor a 1500 u/mm3. La Valoración Global Subjetiva Generada por el paciente muestra una prevalencia de desnutrición de más del 50% (47% riesgo de desnutrición o desnutrición moderada y 14% desnutrición severa). La desnutrición se relacionó con el tipo de neoplasia, siendo está más severa en los pacientes con neoplasia de colon. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con NM de colon y NM de recto presentaron una prevalencia de desnutrición elevada. Por ello, se recomienda una evaluación nutricional previa para identificar el estado nutricional de estos pacientes previo a la intervención quirúrgica. Se considera la Valoración Global Subjetiva generada por el paciente como una herramienta de primera instancia (Gold Standard) por ser práctica, eficaz y de bajo costo. Sería recomendable que se realicen otros estudios a nivel nacional que analicen la prevalencia de desnutrición y las complicaciones post-quirúrgicas en...